Russians have put up withdrone attacks,rising pricesanda crackdown on free speech. But now, they are increasingly being asked to go without the internet on their phones, fraying nerves and leaving many feeling disconnected after four years ofwar in Ukraine.
Mobile internet outages have become part of the norm across the country, a measure authorities say is necessary to prevent attacks byUkrainian drones, some of which use the technology for navigation.
But Russians who spoke to NBC News, experts and even the country's hard-line pro-war bloggers have questioned this justification. Ukrainian drones continue to reach their targets inside Russia, even while users as far away as Kamchatka — some 4,350 miles from the Ukrainian border — are told "security concerns" are to blame for their lack of connectivity.
The outages have left ordinary Russians frequently unable to use their phones on the go — to make calls, order a taxi or pay for groceries. They have affected small businesses and left some people resorting to carrying cash or staying home for reliable Wi-Fi.
Parents of children with diabetes have told Russian media they are unable to use phone applications to monitor their blood sugar levels during blackouts.
It's not just outages that are causing consternation.
Russian authorities have increasingly enforced a so-called "white list" — a limited registry of government-approved websites that people can still access on their phones during outages, severely limiting the kind of information they get.
It comes against the backdrop of increasing restrictions on what Russians can do online, in a wider crackdown on free speech since the Kremlin's invasion —bans on Instagram and Facebook,YouTubeslowdowns, restrictions on foreign messaging apps such as WhatsApp and Telegram, as well as virtual private network services many Russians use to access censored content online.
All those interviewed by NBC News said they were wary of speaking to foreign media about a sensitive security topic, and did not want their personal details shared, fearing possible repercussions.
While the outages have not caused a mass outpouring of anger, some have tried to rally against the measures.
Anastasia, from the Tver region northwest of Moscow, said she had intended to join a protest for internet freedom in November that ultimately did not go ahead. She was fed up, she said, because outages leave her frequently unable to use messaging or taxi apps or navigation maps on her phone. Even some of the websites on the "white list" don't load during these blackouts, she said.
Anastasia said that on one occasion, her mother, a disabled pensioner, was left unable to pay for her groceries because card machines at her local store wouldn't work without a mobile connection. She had to walk to the nearest postal office, some distance away, to get cash. "Since then, she has been keeping some cash around. But it's inconvenient — we live in the 21st century," Anastasia said.
The official explanation aside, Anastasia said, she thinks the Kremlin is using the outages to prepare the Russian public for a "North Korea-like" model of the internet, heavily censored and restricted.
"I think authorities want to do something similar in our country," she said.
Some government officials have urged residents to treat the outages as an opportunity for a "digital detox," while a senior lawmaker for information policy told the state news agency Tass last month that the outages should be seen as a welcome break from "endlessly watching useless videos."
The governor of Oryol region, Andrey Klychkov, said the inconvenience is nothing compared to the "heroism" of Russian soldiers in Ukraine.
Increasingly, regional authorities have signaled that the outages don't have an expiry date and could last until the war ends.
"This is quite a desperate tactic because you are accepting mounting economic loss and disruption of civilian life," said Bob Tollast, a land warfare expert at the Royal United Services Institute, a defense and security think tank in London. Many Ukrainian drones have multiple navigation methods, such as GPS, to mitigate the impact of the outages, he said.
Stopping drones connecting to a civilian cell network also requires the Russian government to black out large areas, he said, adding that any attempt to stop what is essentially a flying explosive device could have the unintended effect of sending it off course.
Artyom, from the western Chuvash Republic, told NBC News he has been experiencing mobile internet outages nearly every day. "It's happening because Ukrainian drones reach our territory, but blocking the internet doesn't seem to help," he said.
Even the country's prominent pro-war bloggers have expressed doubts.
"There's no evidence yet that shutting down the Internet has any impact on the effectiveness of enemy drone strikes,"war bloggerYuri Kotenok wrote last month, adding that the measure makes a "mockery" of ordinary Russians.
"The enemy immediately understood what countermeasures we would take. And they switched to satellites — they can't be jammed," popular pro-war Telegram channel "Two Majors"wrote, while blaming bureaucracy and lack of technological knowledge among Russia's upper military brass for the outages.
In September, the Russian Digital Ministry released a "white list" of websites that could still be accessed during outages — mostly government services, Russian search engine Yandex and Russian social networks. The list wasexpanded in Novemberto include some state media outlets, the website of Russia's post office, as well as taxi and weather services, among others.
Some people have complained that Telegram, that millions of Russians use and rely on for information daily — including for drone alerts — is not on the list despite being created by the Russian tech mogul Pavel Durov.
Presented as a temporary measure, the white lists have become part of Russia's wide-ranging censorship, said Sarkis Darbinyan, cyber lawyer and founder of digital rights organization RKS Global. "At any moment, Russian officials could get this idea — why not use this as a default model for the entire country?" Darbinyan said. "There is a big danger that in 2026, the authorities will adopt this model permanently."
The Russian Duma is currently reviewing a bill that would allow the country's powerful Federal Security Service to make telecom operators shut down communication services on their request "to protect against emerging threats to the security of citizens and the state."
The mobile internet outages are causing "huge discontent" among the Russian public, Darbinyan said, which the Kremlin can't ignore.
Russians aren't alone, with Iranianscut off from the internet for weeksafter authorities cracked down on nationwide unrest. In its own spin on white lists, the Islamic Republic is allowing access to the global Internet only for those with security clearance,according to an analysisfrom London-based think tank Chatham House.
Ilya, from the Belgorod region that borders Ukraine, called the outages and the inconveniences they cause to ordinary people like him "complete nonsense."
He said he had experienced intermittent outages, which left him feeling "completely disconnected from the world."
Another Russian, Anastasia, a marketing specialist from the western city of Voronezh, said she had experienced near-daily mobile internet outages — they come without any warning too, she said. "You just empirically realize that nothing is loading."
The outages have affected Anastasia's work, hampering her ability to respond to clients via messaging apps.
So she finds herself connecting to public Wi-Fi at coffee shops and shopping malls to stay connected on the go.
"We are not used to this anymore. It feels as if we are communicationally degrading," she said.
Anastasia said she was ready to accept the restrictions if they were "truly" protecting her safety. "But I know people are not very happy about it," she added.
